Fuel level, water temp, and oil pressure gauges are on the same circuit. Fused 12 volt power goes to a Constant Voltage Regulator (CVR) that generates a constant 6 volts. Six volts goes to each gauge, and each gauge is grounded through a variable resistor (senders).
The gauges are all the same, just different printing and scales. The circuit powers a heating element that acts on a coil that moves the needle. Thus the dampening effect, or slow moving needle. To test each gauge, ground the wire (0 ohms) and the needle should move all the way (full, hot, or high).
It is unusual that all three are grounding out when you fiddled with a panel. I'd start investigating there.